Police problem solving techniques in Chicago Research Paper

Police problem solving techniques in Chicago - Research Paper Example So a given technique may apply to one section of the community and not the other. This paper will look at the problem of graffiti in Chicago and how the police have tried to combat it. It will describe the problem, provide statistical evidence, the situation on the ground and how it is being dealt with and what can be done to prevent the problem from occurring. â€Å"A group of related incidents or an ongoing situation that concerns a significant portion of those who live or work in a particular area. A problem is a persistent and more than likely will not be solved without some type of intervention, particularly between law enforcement and the community. Not all problems are serious criminal matters, but the police should respond to community concerns† (p. 126). Therefore community problems are many and do not necessarily need to be matters criminal in nature. Community problems are not only matters of concern to the law enforcers but also to the community and they should be differentiated from incidents. A problem can be identified by the characteristic of the victim, the location of occurrence, the behavior of the offender, the condition of the victim or the time of the day/week or month in relation to a special event. The problem of graffiti in Chicago has been persistent for quite a long period of time. Graffiti cannot be singled out as a crime as such but is a society menace. It is defined as a variety of markings, etchings and drawing which in their nature spoil public or private property (Battle, 2006). Graffiti is a form of communication used by gangs; it is used to mark territory, and often will list the names and nicknames of the gang members, project gangster attitudes and talk of current events in a given society. Scholars in the area of crime prevention have identified a number of categories in which to classify various kinds of paintings and

Impact of Globalisation on British Television

Impact of Globalisation on British Television Since its birth, British television has been constantly growing, evolving to suit the needs and, more recently, tastes of its viewers. What started off as a few public service channels broadcasting only at certain times during the day became a 24 hour service with hundreds of programs from which to choose from. Many factors have contributed to this gradual growth, but in this essay I will be looking at the influence globalisation has had on this thriving industry, viewing Britain as both an importer and exporter of formats on the global market. To start with, the term â€Å"globalisation†, as defined by the Oxford English Dictionary, means â€Å"the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale, widely considered to be at the expense of national identity.† In television terms, this means that a broadcaster decides to sell, on the international market, the format of already popular shows in order for them to be recreated in other countries. This way, a show originally produced in Britain, for example, can be adapted in any other part of the world by following the format guide sold by the creators. In his book Copycat TV; Globalisation, Program formats and Cultural identity (1998), Albert Moran explains that â€Å"like a cooking recipe, the guide identifies both the ingredients and the sequence and manner of their combination that will produce an adaptation†. On one hand, Britain has always been a major importer of foreign shows. Even now, if we turn on our television, chances are we will eventually stumble across a rerun of a popular American sitcom such as Friends, How I met your mother or The Big Bang Theory, to list a few. There are two major reasons for this, the first being that the broadcasters need programs to fill out the time slots. Since the 1980s, the pace of change in the television industry has accelerated. The introduction of 24-hour broadcasting brought the need for new programs, a demand that was best met by inexpensive imports or local variations of internationally formatted broadcasts. These would be aired at either off-peak hours of the day or between two long running, popular shows, maximizing the number of viewers. The other reason for purchasing overseas shows is the costs. More often than not, investing in an already successful show would be cheaper that producing a show domestically, though Moran suggests that thi s strategy does not necessarily guarantee good ratings or add revenues. Soap operas, or simply soaps, could be considered the go-to time fillers for television not only in the UK, but all over the world. The first soaps were cheap to produce, resulting in barely mediocre content. They were sponsored by American manufacturers of household cleaning products, such as Procter and Gamble, and owed the term â€Å"opera† in their title to the excessively emotional and dramatic nature of their content. What truly transformed the genre, as implied by Renà ©e Dickason’s article The Popular on British Television: Global Perspectives, National Priorities, Local Preferences, was the launch of Coronation Street on British television in 1960, which took a more serious approach by aiming at high standards of acting and scriptwriting. The show appealed to large audiences and attracted an incredible amount of viewers, inspiring American companies to invest more time and money in their own content, thus leading indirectly to the global success of Peyton Place and Dallas. Despite the fact that importing and airing entire shows is the easiest way to provide the viewers with entertainment around the clock, many countries, including the UK, prefer producing their own versions of foreign programs, adapting them to their nation’s culture and preferences. â€Å"A locally-produced version of Wheel (referring to the American game show Wheel of Fortune) will be more expensive than the imported version but, with local contestants, hosts, questions and references, prizes and so on, it is likely to have more national appeal and is therefore likely to achieve better ratings. Certainly (†¦) that seems to be borne out by some long term studies of the process of import-substitution of television programs†, demonstrates Albert Moran in his before mentioned book. One of the earliest examples of international formatting is the case of the famous panel quiz game What’s My Line which first aired July 16th 1951 on BBC. Due to all its apparently do mestic elements, such as having a popular Irish presenter, lady panelists in evening dress and their male counterparts in dinner jackets, few if any viewers suspected that it wasn’t an original British program, but an adaptation of an American radio show for which the BBC paid its creators the princely sum of 25 guineas per episode (Brunt, 1985, p 28). Despite this, R. Brunt still considers that the show has a â€Å"naturalized Britishness† to it, clarifying that â€Å"the choice of contestants appeals to a Britishness which ‘all of us’ are assumed to share: an enjoyment of eccentricity and an ability to laugh at ourselves – as transmitted and endorsed by one of Britain’s favorite Irishmen.† (Brunt, 1985, ‘What’s my Line?’). Global television formats are designed to be easily adapted in other countries or regions and therefore have no nationally-specific characteristics, making it understandable why most people do n ot mind them being imported. A more recent example is ITV1s Take Me Out, a dating show inspired by London Weekend Television’s Blind Date. At a first glance it doesn’t seem to be anything other than a quintessentially British show, but in reality it was developed in France by Fremantle Media. First it was aired in Australia, where it did not benefit from massive success, afterwards being sold to Japan, the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Indonesia, Spain and Sweden and ITV1, as an article on The Guardian’s website states. On the other hand, Britain is also a leading exporter of programs, not only to the English speaking nations, but worldwide, thanks to appealing cultural elements and to technical expertise in particular fields like detective stories, situation comedies and costume drama. Series such as the 1960 The Avengers, which had strong elements reminding the viewers of the James Bond franchise, were the only British shows aired regularly on American television before the introduction of Who wants to be a Millionaire, â€Å"England’s most successful cultural export in the last 30 years†, according to the New York Times, 1999. The popular quiz show has become a global format broadcasted in more than 100 countries, the franchise now being owned by Sony. Another, more recent British show format that was aired in more than 20 countries is the dinner party contest Come Dine With Me which won a Royal Television Society Award back in 2010. Generating approximately 4000 episodes around the world, it’s global sales have earned ITV Studios more than  £57m and helped it’s international production revenue increase by 41% that year. In an interview to The Guardian, Tobi de Graaff, ITV Studioss director of global TV distribution, said: It is a little like McDonalds or Starbucks. Take whats successful about the show but dont ignore that you are dealing with different cultures and make the right twists to make it feel extremely home-grown and natural. Weakest Link, the television  game show  which first appeared in the United Kingdom on  BBC Two  on 14 August 2000 and ended on 31 March 2012, is another great example of British show formats, being adapted in 46 countries and still airing the original British version around the world on  BBC Entertainment. Even though the formats vary slightly, the main elements which define the show are reproduced in each adaptation. This usually includes selecting a host which resembles Anne Robinson, the original a nd iconic presenter of the UK version. Strictly Come Dancing or Dancing with the stars, as it is known in the over 40 countries the format has been exported to, is a British television show, featuring celebrities with professional dance partners competing in Ballroom and Latin dances. Due to its widespread nature, the series became the worlds most popular television program among all genres in 2006 and 2007, reaching the Top 10 in 17 countries, according to the magazineTelevision Business International. In conclusion, globalization had an immense role in molding the British television industry along the years. Not only did it shape it and its viewers with the aid of imported shows and local adaptations, but also other nations around the globe by exporting formats and authentic British programs. By acquainting the public with foreign shows, television has the power to provide a sense of wonder and educate its viewers about the different cultures and people inhabiting our world and, at the same time, cater for their need for entertainment. Globalisation in the TV industry has brought about a new era for Britain, as it has extended its influence to every television set in the UK and around the world.

Tone-Deafness Essay -- Hearing Auditory Senses Essays

Tone-Deafness Few people know the range of the different types of tone deafness. However, many people think they have it. Tone deafness is does not refer to a problem with the ears, but to a lack of training. Tone deafness is easy to fix by training the ears and the vocal muscles. Lancet is a music professor in Boston who is tone-deaf (Lancet 2001). Lancet express, "tone deafness is a term that tends to be applied indiscriminately to a constellation of music processing, perceptual, and production deficits" (Lancet 2001). This paper will examine the tone-deafness real-life terms, the past and current research, and current direction which all contribute to its need for exploration. Tone-deaf people live from early in life with tone-deaf. The ability to hear a pitch and sing it back is similar to hand-eye coordination. Lancet states, "it is voice-ear coordination" (p.779). Neither one of these abilities are born into us, we have to learn them. Babies do not have hand-eye coordination. If a person holds a toy in front of an infant, he or she can see in the baby's eyes that she wants the toy. For example, my ten-month-old cousin cannot determine the distance where the object is located. His hands flail around randomly, missing the target. He has not yet learned to coordinate his hands and eyes. If he does this often enough, however, he will eventually learn. Lancet explains, "the human brain is very good at remembering which of these incredibly complex muscle contractions results in a score" (Lancet 2001). So next time he reaches for something, it does not take quite as long. My cousin continues to have a one in three chance when reaching for an object (p. 784). B y the time, he is a toddler, it would be inconceivable that he c... ...n how to look past their tone-deafness. References DeBellis, Mark. (2000). What is musical institution? Tonal theory as cognitive science. New York Academy of Sciences, 4, 471-489. Gandour, Jack. (2000). A Cross line Study of Tone Perception. Developmental Psychology,12, 207-220. Kazez, Daniel. (2000). Hearing in the Elderly: A Population study Audicion en la senectud: un estudio poblacional. Music Educators Journal, 71, 46. Lancet, Mike. (2001). A good excuse to give up those music lessons. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 357, 777-784. Moore, Brain C. J. (2000). An Introduction to the psychology of hearing. Academic Press, Inc, 3, 322. Peretz, Isabelle. (2001). Brain specialization for music. New evidence from congenital Amusia. New York Academy of Sciences, 8, 243-246. Wong, Donald. (2001). Audiology. Journal of Communication, 6, 6. Tone-Deafness Essay -- Hearing Auditory Senses Essays Tone-Deafness Few people know the range of the different types of tone deafness. However, many people think they have it. Tone deafness is does not refer to a problem with the ears, but to a lack of training. Tone deafness is easy to fix by training the ears and the vocal muscles. Lancet is a music professor in Boston who is tone-deaf (Lancet 2001). Lancet express, "tone deafness is a term that tends to be applied indiscriminately to a constellation of music processing, perceptual, and production deficits" (Lancet 2001). This paper will examine the tone-deafness real-life terms, the past and current research, and current direction which all contribute to its need for exploration. Tone-deaf people live from early in life with tone-deaf. The ability to hear a pitch and sing it back is similar to hand-eye coordination. Lancet states, "it is voice-ear coordination" (p.779). Neither one of these abilities are born into us, we have to learn them. Babies do not have hand-eye coordination. If a person holds a toy in front of an infant, he or she can see in the baby's eyes that she wants the toy. For example, my ten-month-old cousin cannot determine the distance where the object is located. His hands flail around randomly, missing the target. He has not yet learned to coordinate his hands and eyes. If he does this often enough, however, he will eventually learn. Lancet explains, "the human brain is very good at remembering which of these incredibly complex muscle contractions results in a score" (Lancet 2001). So next time he reaches for something, it does not take quite as long. My cousin continues to have a one in three chance when reaching for an object (p. 784). B y the time, he is a toddler, it would be inconceivable that he c... ...n how to look past their tone-deafness. References DeBellis, Mark. (2000). What is musical institution? Tonal theory as cognitive science. New York Academy of Sciences, 4, 471-489. Gandour, Jack. (2000). A Cross line Study of Tone Perception. Developmental Psychology,12, 207-220. Kazez, Daniel. (2000). Hearing in the Elderly: A Population study Audicion en la senectud: un estudio poblacional. Music Educators Journal, 71, 46. Lancet, Mike. (2001). A good excuse to give up those music lessons. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 357, 777-784. Moore, Brain C. J. (2000). An Introduction to the psychology of hearing. Academic Press, Inc, 3, 322. Peretz, Isabelle. (2001). Brain specialization for music. New evidence from congenital Amusia. New York Academy of Sciences, 8, 243-246. Wong, Donald. (2001). Audiology. Journal of Communication, 6, 6.

A Good Man essay

Misfit : Definitely round. He is a murderer. He lacks apathy for most of the family, but he takes time to talk to the grandmother. He is from a â€Å"good† family and seems to know how to talk the talk of a good southern boy. He actually seems touched by the grandmother's words, yet he is quickly repulsed by his apathy. He almost seemed like he was going to help out the stranded family until they reccognized them. The grandma is an example of a round/dynamic character because she has varied traits and her character changes during the story.She is caring because she does not want to leave the cat at home be itself, in fear that the cat will get hurt. Also, she is caution, warning her son about the speed limit and not to exceed the limit because patrolmen are hiding in order to catch law breakers. She is observant and appreciates the simple things in life, such as â€Å"stone mountain; the blue granite†¦ the brilliant red clay banks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  On the way, she spots a â €Å"little Negro child† on the side of the road and she said â€Å"if I could paint, I’d paint that picture,† which shows her sincerity.The grandma is also funny, when John Wesley asked â€Å"where’s the plantation? † she responded, â€Å"Gone with the wind. † The grandmother is respectful towards the earth; she did not let the children throw the box and the paper napkins out the window. At times she feels embarrassed because of the way her grandchildren acts. The grandmother starts off sable then she became emotional. Another round/dynamic character is the Misfit. When the Misfit first encounters the family, he greets them with â€Å"Good afternoon. † When the grandmother â€Å"began to cry† the â€Å"Misfit reddened. This shows that the Misfit has compassion towards the grandmother that in seeing her cry he feels guilty. He sees the grandmother upset so he tries to comfort her by telling her â€Å"don’t you get upset . Sometimes a man says thing he don’t mean. I don’t reckon he meant to talk to you thataway. † At one point, the Misfit apologizes to the grandmother and the daughter in law for being shirtless in-front of them. The Misfit seems like a caring guy, but in the end he is a barbarian. He had the son, the daughter in law, and the two children killed.In the end, he shoots the grandmother â€Å"three times through the chest. † Flat characters have only one or two noticeable traits, and these traits do not change. Static character, remain the same throughout the narrative In contrast, June star and John Wesley are flat/static characters. Throughout the whole narrative both June Star and John Wesley are rude and has no manner. First of all, they never call the grandmother by her name or â€Å"grandmother,† they only call her â€Å"she. † The manner in which the children speak to the grandmother shows their lack of respect and their rudeness.When the g randmother did not want to go to Florida, John Wesley said â€Å"If you don’t want to go to Florida, why dontcha stay at home? † and June Star said â€Å"She wouldn’t stay at home for a million bucks† â€Å"Afraid she’d miss something. She has to go everywhere we go. † At the restaurant, the owner wife asked June Star, â€Å"would you like to come be my little girl? † and June Star responded, â€Å"No I certainly wouldn’t,† â€Å"I wouldn’t live in a broken down place like this for a million bucks! † which made the grandmother embarrassed.In the car, the children was yelling and screaming at their parents until they get their way. The reason to have round/dynamic and flat/static characters is so that they can contradict one another. If a narrative only has one character type then the narrative won’t be as engaging to the readers. The round/dynamic characters add excitement to the narrative because th ese characters are unpredictable, one never knows what they are going to say or do by Text-Enhancenext. On the other hand, the flat/static characters are boring.They are simply there to make the narrative complete by having varies characters. The different characters types in a narrative allow the reader to compare and contrast the characters The Misfit[-;0], from Flannery O'Connor[->1]'s short story titled A Good Man Is Hard to Find[-;2], seems to me to be a very realistic character. Although the reader's first impression of him is very much a stereotype, O'Connor causes his character to be the only rounded one among a group of flat[-;3], one-dimensional people.His reality is paradoxically heightened further by the predictable plot she puts him into. This definitely reflects on the symbolism that O'Connor is using within the story. O'Connor intends A Good Man Is Hard to Find to be the study of a deeply conflicted character. The Misfit wants on one level to be good, or to be known[- ;4] as good, but he can't rationalize away or separate himself from his actions. At the same time as he's executing a family, he's trying to explain why he's only doing what is necessary[-;5].He also seems to feel some type of connection with the grandmother, as if they're both basically of the same substance[->6], however dissimilar their lives have been. After reading through the short story a few times, I realized that the Misfit is meant to symbolize Satan[->7]. His characterization as a misfit, murderer, deceiver and escaped convict are just the most obvious similarities between the two beings. Both his revelations about himself and his obsession with Jesus Christ[->8] bear out this comparison,. ->0] – http://everything2. com/title/The+Misfit [->1] – http://everything2. com/title/Flannery+O%2527Connor [->2] – http://everything2. com/title/A+Good+Man+Is+Hard+to+Find [->3] – http://everything2. com/title/flat [->4] – http://everything2. com/titl e/known [->5] – http://everything2. com/title/necessary [->6] – http://everything2. com/title/the+same+substance [->7] – http://everything2. com/title/Satan [->8] – http://everything2. com/title/Jesus+Christ

Cherokee Removal

The Cherokee people were forced out of their land because of the settler’s greed for everything and anything the land had to offer. Many Cherokee even embraced the â€Å"civilization program,† abandoning their own beliefs so that they may be accepted by white settlers. Unfortunately for the Cherokee though, the settlers would never accept them as an equal citizen. A quote from historian Richard White says it very well, â€Å"The Cherokee are probably the most tragic instance of what could have succeeded in American Indian policy and didn’t.All these things that Americans would proudly see as the hallmarks of civilization are going to the West by Indian people. They do everything they were asked except one thing. What the Cherokees ultimately are, they may be Christian, they may be literate, they may have a government like ours, but ultimately they are Indian. And in the end, being Indian is what killed them. † The Treaty of Hopewell was set up in 1785 and was made with all the good intentions, but nobody to enforce the rules. It was set up to start setting up friendly relations with the Cherokee, but also to define the Cherokee borders.It gave the Cherokees the right to expel of any unwanted person that was on their land. Even with this treaty though people of both Georgia and North Carolina moved onto the Cherokees land, taking as they pleased. This caused there to be battles between settlers and Cherokee. There was a big racial issue when it came to battles though. Whenever the settlers would win a battle it was called an Indian war, but when the Indians would win, it was called a massacre. Henry Knox soon stepped into the picture and he came believing that it was inevitable that both â€Å"civilized† and â€Å"uncivilized† peoples should fight so much.In order to ratify this he implemented a â€Å"civilization program. † As a part of this program, in order to be considered â€Å"civilized† one had to dr ess, think, act, speak, work, and worship the same way. Knox felt the Cherokee just needed some time to learn these ways. Knox set up the Treat of Holston in 1791 where it stated, â€Å"That the Cherokee nation may be let to a greater degree of civilization, and to become herdsmen and cultivators, instead of remaining in a state of hunters, the United States will, from time to time, furnish a gratuitously the said nation with useful implements of husbandry. For the Cherokee this meant leaving many of their traditions behind and embracing the American way of life in order to keep their land. In order to be â€Å"civilized† Cherokee men had to cease hunting and attend to either the fields of herd livestock. This was due to the view by the settlers that the Cherokee men were lazy because the settlers viewed hunting as fun and a sport. Because many felt that working in the fields was something that is a woman’s job many turned to herding livestock as an alternative. Chero kee women were told that they could no longer work in the fields but should work in the household as a subservient.Many of the Cherokee had a hard time with this as well because they felt that the women settlers were lazy and they did not want their women to be the same way. Soon though many Cherokee women began working in the household, cooking, cleaning, or sewing. The main way Cherokees could be considered â€Å"civilized† was to accept Christianity. The U. S. government sent missionaries into Indian Territory to build schools. At these schools though they not only taught literature, math, and English, but they also taught young Cherokees how to read using the Bible and also taught them how to pray.Many Cherokees ended up accepting Christianity with a select few not willing, but that was no different than how many white settlers were. Due to the â€Å"civilization program† many Cherokees became extremely wealthy and even ended up purchasing slaves to do field work. These Cherokee men became key political leaders for the Cherokee nation. They would end up writing and applying their very own â€Å"Constitution of the Cherokee Nation† which was made very similar to out very own constitution. The main concern for most of the Cherokee was land and due to that it was the first thing to be outlined in the Cherokee Constitution.In Article 1-Section 1 it states the boundaries they now posses because of the treaties made with the U. S. and also states that those boundaries shall forever be their land. Cherokees made another important law about the selling of land as well in order to keep their borders, â€Å"The Cherokee Nation Council advised the United States that it would refuse future cession requests and enacted a law prohibiting the sale of national land upon penalty of death. † Even with these laws in place a small group of Cherokee set out against the rest of the Nation.Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot, signed a removal treat at the Cherokee capital of New Echota without the authority of Principal Chief John Ross or the Cherokee government. The Treaty of New Echota required the Cherokee Nation to exchange its national lands for a parcel in the â€Å"Indian Territory† set aside by Congress, in what is now Oklahoma, in 1834 and to relocate there within two years. The federal government promised to remit $5 million to the Cherokee Nation, compensate individuals for their buildings and fixtures, and pay for the costs of relocation and acclimation.The United States also promised to honor the title of the Cherokee Nation's new land, respect its political autonomy, and protect its tribe from future trespasses. Even though it was completed without the sanction of the Cherokee national government, the U. S. Senate ratified the treaty by a margin of one vote. Presidential Chief John Ross tried to prove that it was done without majority consent by getting 16,000 Cherokees to sign a document against the treaty. Ross tried to fight against the treaty till 1838, when the U. S. army was sent into the Cherokee Nation.In October, the Cherokees were herded into wooden stockades with no food, water, blankets, or sanitation. Most of them were barefoot and had no coats or blankets, yet they were forced to cross-rivers in sub-zero weather. There was about 22,000 Cherokees that were forced out of their homes on the Trail of Tears and a total of about 5,500 died along the way of exposure, starvation, and disease. A guard wrote, â€Å"I fought through the War (Civil War), and I saw men shot to pieces and slaughtered by the thousands, but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew. †Despite everything the Cherokees did†¦changing all of their traditions, trying to negotiate, and finally trying to protect themselves with laws†¦it did not matter. All the settlers wanted from the beginning was to manipulate and take every bit of land they could from the Cherokee. The Ch erokee followed the â€Å"civilization program† and settlers only thought that, no matter what; an Indian could never be â€Å"civilized. † As the historian Richard White put at the beginning, â€Å"And in the end, being Indian is what killed them. † Cherokee Removal President Washington and Mr.. Knox did not take into consideration owe the United States people would feel about the Cherokee; they felt that no matter what the Cherokee were taught that they would never fully be equal because of race. The Cherokee accepted some of the changes and resisted others, eventually this led to the forced removal of the Cherokee. After several failed treaty attempts, the Cherokee finally accepted that they would have to leave when soldiers arrived.The final negotiation was for the Cherokee to be able to move alone in the winter or 1838-39 and this would become known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears† because so many Cherokee died along the way. Becoming Civilized† meant changing the ways that the Cherokee were accustomed to. Cherokee women would be more homemakers and the farming that they had done in the past would now fall to the men who had once been the hunters of wild game. The experiment would have the Cherokee taking on more cattle, hogs and th ey would also begin to raise sheep.In addition to planting corn they would also plant, cotton, wheat and flax. This also changed how some Cherokee viewed themselves and the way they looked at family. One example of that change would be Young Wolf, whom after he died and his Last Will and Testament dead showed how the views of the Cherokee had started shifting. Before Cherokee traced themselves through their mothers; this meant that when Young Wolf died his land and other possessions should have gone to his sister's children.This however did not happen; he left his estate to his son. â€Å"A Cherokee view of civilization† had begun early with Cherokee chiefs' sons' moving about the white community easily. They had been educated, were now living in regular housing, had started growing crops such as cotton, and were becoming involved with politics. One such son was named John Ridge, â€Å"he became involved in national politics as a promoter of civilization and as a patriot who helped to execute the unscrupulous chief Doubleheader for an illegal land sale† (Purdue and Green, 32).John Ridge was a big promoter in the â€Å"civilization† process, he was also â€Å"particularly interested in charting culture change among the Cherokees† (Purdue and Green, 34). In order to reach the Cherokee people the United States government had â€Å"Christian missions† become involved, as the agent that the government had placed among the Cherokee had not fulfilled the Job. Missionaries took on the role of civilizing the Cherokee, â€Å"they set up schools, model farms and served as the United States postmasters.This peaceful partnership of missionaries and government agents had a relatively brief tenure† (Purdue and Green, 45). With the missionaries immersed with the Cherokees they would prove to not only be education teachers but also teachers of manners and dress; and some would also begin to side with the Cherokee people. The United Sta tes government wanted a way to keep track of the Cherokee so in 1835 they would begin â€Å"quantifying Cherokee civilization†. They wanted to know as much as they could about where and what the Cherokee were doing.The government looked at the makeup of the Cherokee family within each home; this included whether or not the family had full blooded, squadrons, half-breeds or whites that were related by marriage. This was not all that the government concerned themselves with, they also took note of the style of homes, crops raised, acres farmed, closeness of mills and ferries. The Cherokee were growing tired of how the governments, both federal and state, were treating them so they adopted â€Å"the Cherokee Constitution of 1827†³ which s similar to that of the United States constitution but it also had some differences as well. The men who convened at New Echoed, the Cherokee capital in the summer of 1827, were no more representative of the Cherokees than the United State s founding fathers were of the Americans. They were more likely to be wealthy, literate, and Christian than the average Cherokee† (Purdue and Green, 58). The Georgia governor did not like the fact that the Cherokee were trying to put together their own constitution and asked President John Quince Adams to step in however, President Adams would not.Since the President would not step in â€Å"the Georgia Laws† were created to try and force the hands of both President Jackson and the Cherokee Nation. These laws were designed to let both the United States and Cherokee Nation know that Georgia meant business and if need be they would take the land that the Cherokee people occupied by force because that land belonged to her. The testing of both the Cherokee Constitution and the Georgia laws would come when â€Å"Georgia and the Supreme Court† went to battle over the Georgia Guard arresting George Tassel a Cherokee citizen.Mr.. Tassel was arrested and convicted under Ge orgia law for murdering another Cherokee within the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee Council went to the Supreme Court and challenged this ruling because they stated that Georgia law had no meaning in the Cherokee Nation. This however did not prevent Georgia from executing Mr.. Tassel and it also didn't prevent them from creating more laws to make life even harder for the Cherokee Nation. The goal of Georgia from the very beginning had always been â€Å"dispossessing the Cherokees† so they could have Cherokee land.Georgia wanted the Cherokee gone and they thought they had found way when â€Å"a federal agent realized that many of the wealthiest, including Principal Chief John Ross, had accepted reserves (individual or personal reservations) under the terms of the treaties of 1817 and 1819† (Purdue and Green, 84). To politicians within Georgia this meant that the Cherokee had no right to the land that they had acquired within the Nation in Georgia. Soon people who had star t coming into Georgia and the Cherokee Nation and were considered the â€Å"white intruders† because they would push the Cherokee people out of their homes and off of their land.This was because Georgia had passed more laws were making it okay for people to Just come in and push the Cherokees off of their land. The Cherokee Nation was surveyed and plotted into lots; lotteries were held for males, widows, orphans all of whom could obtain one ticket, however a veteran could obtain two tickets. Once the lotteries were held, names drawn and small fees paid those that won that piece of land could then go in and take it from the rightful Cherokee owners. In Defense of the Cherokees: the William Penn Essays† were actually works of â€Å"Jeremiah Averts, hive administrative officer of the large interdenominational missionary consortium the American Board of Commissionaires for Foreign Missions† (Purdue and Green, 103). These essays were in defense of the Cherokee and wha t Georgians people were doing to them; it was also a way for other people to let the President and Congress know how they felt about the treatment of the Cherokee people and the forceful removal that the Cherokee faced.These essays led to â€Å"American women organize against removal† with the lead role being taken by Catherine Beechen, who was not only an educator but a writer as well, she wrote anonymously on behalf of the Cherokee people. With her Journal articles â€Å"she called for women to petition Congress to defeat the impending Indian Removal Act† (Purdue and Green, 110-11). â€Å"Opposition to Indian removal, therefore, politically empowered women in the United States and provided them with a public voice despite their disfranchisement† (Purdue and Green, 111).However, â€Å"Lewis Sacs Justifies removal† because he was presumed to be the leading figure for United States Indian Policy; this is because of his experience with the Great Lake Indian s. Mr.. Sacs believes that if the Indians do not become civilized and remain uncivilized that they will perish. This led to Mr.. Sacs writing his opinion of why he thought it necessary to remove the Cherokee from Georgia; the Cherokee would not honor Georgia law. The Cherokee felt that they need only to obey Cherokee law; Mr..Sacs disagreed with that thought and let it be known that the Cherokee would need to be removed if they could not follow state law. â€Å"Congress Acts† like a bunch of overbearing bullies; Georgia finally gets what it wants and the â€Å"Indian Removal Act† is passed on May 28, 1830. The â€Å"Indian Removal Act† was not pretty in the fact that there was a bunch of bitter, emotional and exhausting arguing going on in both the House and the Senate. However, evil won out over good in the fact that the Bill passed and the President still refused to stand up for the Cherokee against Georgia.This is when â€Å"Andrew Jackson applauds the Remov al Act† in his State of the Union address, December 8, 1829. â€Å"Andrew Jackson's address publicly clarified his recognition of the sovereign rights of the states over the Indian country within their borders† (Purdue and Green, 125). President Jackson ever felt as if the Cherokee or any Indian would or could be civilized. â€Å"The Indians, therefore, had two choices: They could emigrate beyond the Mississippi or submit to the laws of those States† (Purdue and Green 125). â€Å"Women and removal† in 1817 and 1818; had on two separate occasions Cherokee women choosing to speak up.They spoke up when it came to the removal and the allotment of lands. They did not want to move and they did not want any more land to be sold; they felt as if they had done everything that they possibly could to follow what the President had wanted them to do. They had â€Å"become farmers, manufactured their own clothing, to have our children instructed. To this advice we have attended in everything as far as we were able† (Purdue and Green, 133). So then Alias Biotin's editorials in The Cherokee Phoenix† took up the cause for the Cherokee people.The newspaper was for anyone who subscribed, so not only Cherokee, but United States citizens and British could read about the plight of the Cherokee people; the paper would go into detail about Cherokee removal, correspondence from the President, Secretary of War and Principal Chief as well as the position of the Cherokee on removal. â€Å"The Treaty of New Echoed† was drawn up and it involved Alias Button, John Ridge, and other Cherokee leaders after the realization that they would probably never receive the justice they deserved.This realization finally came after missionaries that had sided with the Cherokee had been ordered released by the Supreme Court and Georgia refused to do so. This new treaty set up provisions for the Cherokee; they would receive pay for their losses and provisions for the move. However, the â€Å"the opposition continues† with John Ross, Principal Chief for the Cherokee, trying everything that he knew to do to try and prevent the injustices that were being aired out against the Cherokee.He not only tried to get the Treaty of New Echoed thrown out because he claimed that the Treaty Party, â€Å"behaved unethically, illegally, and undemocratically and he believed they had subverted the incontrovertible will of the people† (Purdue and Green, 153). John Ross also tried his best to get more money for the land in the East, title to the land in the west guaranteed, alternatives to removal, and possibly emigration into Mexico so that the Cherokee people would be finished with the United States once and for all.None of these worked for John Ross o he took to writing about the injustices done to the Cherokee people not only by the United States but also by the Treaty Party, with the help of a friend John Howard Payne. â€Å"The Treaty Pa rty's Defense† was taken up by Alias Button who along with the others whom had formed the Treaty Party believed that the only way for Cherokees to get out of their current situation was to give up land. The Georgia Laws prevented the Cherokee from holding any type of elections or debates regarding the removal process and so therefore Button could not voice his opinions or concerns for the Cherokee people.The only way that Button had to get his point across was to start writing about what he felt the Cherokee people needed to hear in other publications. Button also felt that most Cherokee would and could not make rational decisions when it came to removal. This all led up to â€Å"enrollment† for the Cherokees which was not only a slow process but one that not many would take into consideration. The Cherokee that did enroll would revoke their citizenship and then there was the matter of discouraging others from signing the enrollment forms. With Georgia being so mad abou t the slowness of the move, President Jackson appointed n 1831 Benjamin F.Currency as chief enrolling agent. Mr.. Currency wanted to make the lives of the Cherokee Indians so bad that they would take to the move without further stall. However, â€Å"forced removal† would come to the Cherokee in the end; they were forced into stockades in which many died before the move even began. Some of the missionaries whom had been with the Cherokee and had taken up their cause went along with them to the stockades. This move would prove to the Cherokee Just how much the missionaries cared for them and the situation that the United States had put the Cherokee people in.Even Jones was one of those missionaries and he would be placed in charge of one of the many detachments of Cherokee people when they finally start moving along the Trail of Tears. Once the move began the Cherokee people would be â€Å"waiting to cross the Mississippi† because of huge chunks of ice which made the dan gerous river even more so. Some of the detachments of Cherokee would camp along the river as they waited for the thaw to occur; this waiting was unbearable, extremely cold and very damp. These conditions were another reason some of the Cherokee would not make it to the new Cherokee Nation.The removal to the new Cherokee Nation was not only difficult for the older Cherokee but also to the Cherokee children. â€Å"Removal through a child's eyes† was a very difficult thing to swallow; the children see that their lives are not being valued by the United States. They are being forced to move once again from land that is rightfully their peoples; some of them are also being separated from their families. For them it is probably difficult to understand the full extent of what is happening and some of them were told of what happened as they grew up because of their young age at the mime of the removal.Once the Cherokee finally reach their destination it is time for â€Å"rebuilding the Cherokee Nation† which still consists of political turmoil; however, the resilient Cherokee people are starting to rebuild their lives. Not only are they building homes, but they are farming, sending their children to school and attending council meetings. It is as if things are starting to become normal for them again; they want to forget the past and look towards their future. â€Å"Removal 150 years later† is still something that should be taught and talked about. As you read of the things that theUnited States people did to the natives of this great country it is Just horrendous to think that this is how this country began. In reading the Cherokee Removal it teaches you Just the kind of trials and tribulations that the Cherokee people went through. To think that the people of the United States called the Cherokee or other Indians uncivilized is a laughing matter; if anyone in this country was uncivilized it would be the people who came in and took over what righ tfully belonged to the natives. Cherokee Removal is something that should have never been allowed to happen; hey were here first.If the Cherokee rebelled they had every right to do so, they were losing everything that they had worked for to people who hadn't lifted a finger to do so. This brings me to a whole new realization that the great United States and her people back then were not so great, they were bullies, many of which would not stand up for what is right in this world. They wouldn't take a stand to those who thought that they could Just come in and take over a land that did not belong to them. People of power sometimes Just need a good cold lesson in manners and hat's right and what's wrong.